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It’s about good IAQ for occupancy
The idea behind this credit is to ensure good indoor air quality (IAQIndoor air quality: The quality and attributes of indoor air affecting the health and comfort building occupants. IAQ encompasses available fresh air, contaminant levels, acoustics and noise levels, lighting quality, and other factors.) for a project for occupancy. IEQc3.2 can be seen as a belt-and-suspenders credit: even if the IEQc4: Low-Emitting Materials credits are pursued, along with IEQc3.1: Construction IAQ Management—During Construction, IEQc3.2 ensures that the building ends up with the intended result. (Although it’s typical to do so, you don’t have to pursue any of those credits to go after this credit.)
The credit has a direct impact on occupant health and comfort, and it is often very important to the owner and occupants, that their new, LEED-certified building should smell “green” when they move in.
Flush out or testing?
The flush-out of indoor air required under Option 1 is frequently pursued by projects seeking a certain and predictable path.
Performing testing under Option 2 leaves open the possibility that despite all other efforts, the building could fail the tests, putting the credit in jeopardy.
You might wonder why, if a building earns the IEQc4 credits and IEQc3.1, there would be any chance of failing IAQ testing. For whatever reason, it happens. This might be due to VOC emissions from materials not covered by IEQc4, or from the undetected use of materials not meeting the spec.
Another reason for pursuing Option 1 is that the costs of IAQ testing are commonly greater than those of a building flush-out. Testing costs vary depending on the size of the building, the number of samples tested, and the travel and field work the testing agency needs to perform. Large buildings, or buildings with multiple independent HVAC systems, require more testing samples. One test is required for each separate ventilation system within the building, with not less than one sample per 25,000 ft2 of contiguous floor area.
On the other hand, the energy expenditure for flush-out under Option 1 can be large, and there may not been enough time after installation of finishes but prior to occupancy to conduct the flush-out. The tenant may also prefer the solid results of a test. All of these factors can push a project toward Option 2.
Two flush-out options
Under Option 1, you have two paths for performing the flush-out. Path 1 is performed prior to occupancy: provide 14,000 cubic feet of outdoor air per square foot of building space. Relative humidity must be maintained at 60% or below and temperature must be maintained at 60 degrees or above.
If there isn’t enough time prior to occupancy to follow Path 1, Path 2 allows you to reach the 14,000-cubic-foot threshold in phases. Path 2 requires an initial flush-out of 3,500 cubic feet per square foot, and then a daily flush-out that begins three hours before occupancy and continues until the end of occupancy for the day. During this period, a ventilation rate of 0.3 cfm per square foot must be maintained. This may be higher than the designed ventilation rate, so plan ahead for this.
Common pitfalls to avoid
This credit is typically easy to achieve if you plan ahead and avoid these common pitfalls:
- Early in the design of the mechanical systems, take into account the requirements for flush-out to ensure that the HVAC system is able to supply the required ventilation rate which is often higher than normal design conditions. Once the mechanical design is confirmed, the mechanical engineer should provide the contractor with the flush-out duration so that it can be worked into the construction schedule as soon as possible.
- If a flush-out is performed during very cold or very humid weather, maintaining minimum temperature and humidity levels may be impossible or require a lot of energy loss. Consider the testing path if these conditions are likely for your project.
- All permanent finishes have to be installed prior to flush-out. Also, all construction must be completed including punch-lists. Make sure that subcontractors are informed of the credit requirements and that all work is appropriately scheduled so as to not introduce contaminants after the flush-out.
- If you go for testing (Option 2) and fail, you can opt to do a flush-out and retest prior to occupancy, but your schedule needs to allow for it. Build in some schedule and budget contingency in case retesting is required.
Alternative approaches
In naturally ventilated buildings or other situations where using the HVAC is not possible or desired, alternatives such as temporary supply and exhaust fans placed in the windows are also possible. (Simply opening the windows is not enough, however.) Like natural ventilation in general, this approach works best for relatively dry, moderate climates where the temperature and humidity conditions required by the credit are easy to maintain.
If using fans, ensure correct placement of fans to provide an even flow of fresher outdoor air across each space, preventing short-circuiting. Check the EPA IAQ Design Tools for Schools Controlling Pollutants and Sources information on exhaust or spot ventilation practices during construction activity (although written for schools, it is applicable to any type of project). (See Section 5: Ventilation Techniques).
Consider these questions when approaching this credit
- Ask your mechanical engineer to run these preliminary calculations:
- Is the HVAC system capable of performing the ventilation rates required for flush-out?
- Can indoor temperature and humidity levels be maintained during the flush-out considering the scheduled season of the flush-out?
- What is the estimated duration of the flush-out under Path 1 and Path 2 and how will this affect the construction schedule?
- Important conversations that need to occur between the general contractor, building owner and occupants:
- When do occupants need to move in? Is the date flexible?
- Can the schedule allow time for a flush-out after construction completion and prior to occupancy? How much time is available?
- Will the project pursue a full flush-out (Option 1 – Path 1), or will occupancy occur during the flush-out (Option 1 – Path 2)?
- How will the basic requirements for having all finishes installed and construction complete be communicated to subcontractors?
- Things to consider when implementing IAQ testing:
- Does your building have multiple, separate ventilation systems?
- How many samples are required?
- Is your construction team confident that it can ensure contamination levels below credit limitations at the end of construction?
- Is there time at the end of the construction schedule to allow for flush-out and retesting if initial test results are above allowable levels for contaminants?
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How this credit is addressed in different building types
- A phased flush-out is possible if different sections of the building are completed at different times, which is common in multi-tenant or mixed-use project types.
- In facilities where air quality is particularly critical, such as healthcare and laboratory buildings, owners may require IAQIndoor air quality: The quality and attributes of indoor air affecting the health and comfort building occupants. IAQ encompasses available fresh air, contaminant levels, acoustics and noise levels, lighting quality, and other factors. testing as part of standard building practice.
- Buildings with large numbers of identical rooms with separate ventilation zones—such as hotel rooms or apartment units—have been allowed to perform random sampling as an alternative approach in situations when the delivery of outside air—on an air-change-per-hour basis—and the materials in a ventilation zone are identical. Project teams should confirm with GBCI that this is still applicable in LEED 2009.
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FAQs for IEQc3.2
Is it possible to combine Options 1 and 2 for different spaces in the same building?
This is not officially permitted in LEED. It might make sense in some projects, but teams should get a CIRCredit Interpretation Ruling. Used by design team members experiencing difficulties in the application of a LEED prerequisite or credit to a project. Typically, difficulties arise when specific issues are not directly addressed by LEED information/guide or LEED InterpretationLEED Interpretations are official answers to technical inquiries about implementing LEED on a project. They help people understand how their projects can meet LEED requirements and provide clarity on existing options. LEED Interpretations are to be used by any project certifying under an applicable rating system. All project teams are required to adhere to all LEED Interpretations posted before their registration date. This also applies to other addenda. Adherence to rulings posted after a project registers is optional, but strongly encouraged. LEED Interpretations are published in a searchable database at usgbc.org. in order to proceed.
Is it possible for the flush-out start date to vary by ventilation zone?
Yes. Areas served by completely separate ventilation systems—where air serving these spaces is not mixed with air serving any other spaces—can be flushed independently, as long as each such area is also isolated completely from all non-flushing areas per SMACNA guidelines.
Should a parking garage be included in a flush-out, if it is in a basement and not fully open to the outdoors?
No, parking garage space should not be included in this credit.
Do the outdoor air minimum quantities have to be met for each individual space, or for the building square footage as a whole?
Ideally, the flush out will be designed to provide the minimum volume to each individual space, and the LEED Reference Guide indicates that teams must take reasonable measures to ensure there is no obvious short-circuiting of the airflow. However, the requirements only address the "total air volume," so, for LEED credit compliance purposes it is only necessary to quantify the total outside air volume supplied to the entire building.
Do non-regularly occupied areas such as bathrooms and corridors have to be flushed-out?
Yes. All occupied gross floor areaGross floor area (based on ASHRAE definition) is the sum of the floor areas of the spaces within the building, including basements, mezzanine and intermediate‐floored tiers, and penthouses wi th headroom height of 7.5 ft (2.2 meters) or greater. Measurements m ust be taken from the exterior 39 faces of exterior walls OR from the centerline of walls separating buildings, OR (for LEED CI certifying spaces) from the centerline of walls separating spaces. Excludes non‐en closed (or non‐enclosable) roofed‐over areas such as exterior covered walkways, porches, terraces or steps, roof overhangs, and similar features. Excludes air shafts, pipe trenches, and chimneys. Excludes floor area dedicated to the parking and circulation of motor vehicles. ( Note that while excluded features may not be part of the gross floor area, and therefore technically not a part of the LEED project building, they may still be required to be a part of the overall LEED project and subject to MPRs, prerequisites, and credits.) (both non-regularly occupied and regularly occupied) must be included.
For LEED NC addition projects, do existing non-renovated areas need to be flushed-out or tested?
No, not if the project team is only certifying the addition, per se, as a separate LEED project. But the addition should be isolated from the existing, unrenovated areas in accordance with the SMACNA IAQIndoor air quality: The quality and attributes of indoor air affecting the health and comfort building occupants. IAQ encompasses available fresh air, contaminant levels, acoustics and noise levels, lighting quality, and other factors. Guidelines for Occupied Buildings under Construction.
Should we install furniture and furnishings before IAQ testing or flushout?
It's optional. In the past that has been unclear, and in an addendum issued 10/1/12, USGBC clarified that it is optional to install furniture and furnishings before IAQ testing or flushout for IEQc3.2. The word "optionally" has been inserted in the last paragraph of page 466 in the LEED BD&C reference guide, before "including furniture and furnishings."
For IAQ testing, how many sample points are necessary in non-mechanically ventilated spaces?
This is left to the discretion of the industrial hygienist or other qualified professional who is performing the testing and employing the EPA Standard.
Can testing be done over various days?
Yes, as long as it complies with the EPA standard.
I'm confused about the 11/1/2011 LEED addendum that removed the "1/25,000 SF or each contiguous area whichever is larger" language from the credit requirement. How do we determine the number of sampling locations for testing?
According to USGBC, the addendum was intended to give project teams more flexibility in testing locations. The 1/25,000 SF testing rate is still a good rule of thumb and is acceptable. USGBC is trusting that the project's industrial hygienist will have the best understanding of how to accurately test the spaces in the project. Select spaces to be tested so that each occupiable space type is adequately represented. Additional guidance can be found in the pilot prerequisite for performance-based IAQ.
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USGBC
Excerpted from LEED 2009 for Commercial Interiors
IEQ Credit 3.2: Construction IAQ management plan - before occupancy
1 Point
Intent
To reduce indoor air quality (IAQIndoor air quality: The quality and attributes of indoor air affecting the health and comfort building occupants. IAQ encompasses available fresh air, contaminant levels, acoustics and noise levels, lighting quality, and other factors.) problems resulting from construction or renovation and promote the comfort and well-being of construction workers and building occupants.
Requirements
Develop an (IAQIndoor air quality: The quality and attributes of indoor air affecting the health and comfort building occupants. IAQ encompasses available fresh air, contaminant levels, acoustics and noise levels, lighting quality, and other factors.) management plan and implement it after all finishes have been installed and the building has been completely cleaned before occupancy.
Option 1. Flush-out1
Path 1
After construction ends, prior to occupancy and with all interior finishes installed, install new filtration media and flush-out the building by supplying a total air volume of 14,000 cubic feet of outdoor air per square foot (4,500 cubic meters of outdoor air per square meter) of floor area while maintaining an internal temperature of at least 60oF (15° C) and, where mechanical cooling is operated, relative humidity no higher than 60%.
OR
Path 2
If occupancy is desired prior to completion of the flush-out, the space may be occupied following delivery of a minimum of 3,500 cubic feet of outdoor air per square foot (1,000 cubic meters of outdoor air per square meter) of floor area. Once the space is occupied, it must be ventilated at a minimum rate of 0.30 cubic feet per minute (cfm) per square foot (0.1 cubic meters per minute per square meter) of outside air or the design minimum outside air rate determined in EQ Prerequisite 1: Minimum IAQ Performance, whichever is greater. During each day of the flush-out period, ventilation must begin a minimum of 3 hours prior to occupancy and continue during occupancy. These conditions must be maintained until a total of 14,000 cubic feet per square foot (4,500 cubic meters per square meter) of outside air has been delivered to the space.
OR
Option 2. Air testing
Conduct baseline IAQ testing after construction ends and prior to occupancy using testing protocols consistent with the EPA Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Air Pollutants in Indoor Air or the ISO method listed in the table below. Testing may be done in accordance with one standard; project teams may not mix requirements from the EPA Compendium of Methods with ISO.
Demonstrate that the contaminant maximum concentrations listed below are not exceeded.
Contaminant Maximum Concentration EPA Compendium method ISO method Formaldehyde1. Formaldehyde is a naturally occurring VOC found in small amounts in animals and plants but is carcinogenic and an irritant to most people when present in high concentrations, causing headaches, dizziness, mental impairment, and other symptoms. When present in the air at levels above 0.1 ppm, it can cause watery eyes; burning sensations in the eyes, nose, and throat; nausea; coughing; chest tightness; wheezing; skin rashes; and asthmatic and allergic reactions. 2. A known carcinogen with no known safe exposure level. Formaldehyde occurs naturally, but appears in unnaturally high concentrations in many buildings because it is an ingredient in binders used in many building materials and furnishings. 27 parts per billion IP-6 ISO 16000-3 Particulates (PM10) 50 micrograms per cubic meter IP-10 ISO 7708 Total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) 500 micrograms per cubic meter IP-1 ISO 16000-6 4-Phenylcyclohexene (4-PCH) * 6.5 micrograms per cubic meter IP-1 ISO 16000-6 Carbon monoxide (CO) 9 parts per million and no greater than 2 parts per million above outdoor levels IP-3 ISO 4224 *This test is required only if carpets and fabrics with styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) latex backing are installed as part of the base building systems.
For each sampling point where the maximum concentration limits are exceeded, conduct an additional flush-out with outside air and retest the noncompliant concentrations. Repeat until all requirements are met. When retesting noncompliant building areas, take samples from the same locations as in the first test.
Conduct the air sample testing as follows:
- All measurements must be conducted prior to occupancy, but during normal occupied hours with the building ventilation system started at the normal daily start time and operated at the minimum outside air flow rate for the occupied mode throughout the test.
- All interior finishes must be installed, including but not limited to millwork, doors, paint, carpet and acoustic tiles. Movable furnishings such as workstations and partitions must be in place.
- The number of sampling locations will depend on the size of the building and number of ventilation systems. The number of sampling locations must include the entire building and all representative situations. Include areas with the least ventilation and greatest presumed source strength.
- Air samples must be collected between 3 and 6 feet (1 and 2 meters) from the floor to represent the breathing zoneThe breathing zone is the region within an occupied space between 3 and 6 feet above the floor and more than 2 feet from walls or fixed air-conditioning equipment. (AHSRAE 62.12007) of occupants, and over a minimum 4-hour period.
Potential Technologies & Strategies
Prior to occupancy, perform a building flush-out or test the air contaminant levels in the building. The flush-out is often used where occupancy is not required immediately upon substantial completion of construction. IAQIndoor air quality: The quality and attributes of indoor air affecting the health and comfort building occupants. IAQ encompasses available fresh air, contaminant levels, acoustics and noise levels, lighting quality, and other factors. testing can minimize schedule impacts but may be more costly. Coordinate with IEQ Credit 3.1: Construction IAQ Management Plan—During Construction and IEQ Credit 5: Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control to determine the appropriate specifications and schedules for filtration media.
The intent of this credit is to eliminate IAQ problems that occur as a result of construction. Architectural finishes used in tenant build-outs constitute a significant source of air pollutants and must be addressed in order to qualify for this credit.
FOOTNOTES
1. All finishes must be installed prior to flush-out.
Publications
SMACNA IAQ Guidelines for Occupied Buildings Under Construction
Project management guidance in maintaining satisfactory IAQIndoor air quality: The quality and attributes of indoor air affecting the health and comfort building occupants. IAQ encompasses available fresh air, contaminant levels, acoustics and noise levels, lighting quality, and other factors. of occupied buildings undergoing renovation or construction.
EPA Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Air Pollutants in Indoor Air
Provides step-by-step sampling and laboratory analysis procedures for the determination of selected pollutants in indoor air. The section of this document that is dedicated to testing methodology and procedures is most relevant for credit.
Indoor Air Pollution Report, July, 2005 California Air Resources Board
Outlines the health effects of indoor air pollution.
State of Washington Program and IAQ Standards
This standard was the first state-initiated program to ensure the design of buildings with acceptable IAQIndoor air quality: The quality and attributes of indoor air affecting the health and comfort building occupants. IAQ encompasses available fresh air, contaminant levels, acoustics and noise levels, lighting quality, and other factors..
Indoor Air Quality: A Facility Manager’s Guide, Construction Technology Centre Atlantic,
This publication is written as a comprehensive review of IAQIndoor air quality: The quality and attributes of indoor air affecting the health and comfort building occupants. IAQ encompasses available fresh air, contaminant levels, acoustics and noise levels, lighting quality, and other factors. issues and solutions.
Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Compounds in Ambient Air, U.S. EPA
These methods have been prepared to provide regional, state and local environmental regulatory agencies and other users with step-by-step sampling and analysis procedures for the determination of selected inorganic pollutants in ambient air.
Web Tools
Healthy Building Network
Articles and resources on healthier building materials and issues of toxicity in the building industry.
EPA IAQ Design Tools for Schools Controlling Pollutants and Sources
Reference for best practices and strategies to implement IAQIndoor air quality: The quality and attributes of indoor air affecting the health and comfort building occupants. IAQ encompasses available fresh air, contaminant levels, acoustics and noise levels, lighting quality, and other factors. management in Schools.
Controlling Pollutants and Sources, IAQ Design for Schools U.S. EPA
This EPA website offers detailed information on exhaust or spot ventilation practices during construction activity.
Organizations
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors’ National Association, Inc. (SMACNA)
SMACNA is an international organization that developed guidelines for maintaining healthful indoor air quality during demolitions, renovations, and construction. The professional trade association publishes the referenced standard as well as Indoor Air Quality: A Systems Approach, a comprehensive document that covers air pollutant sources, control measures, IAQIndoor air quality: The quality and attributes of indoor air affecting the health and comfort building occupants. IAQ encompasses available fresh air, contaminant levels, acoustics and noise levels, lighting quality, and other factors. process management, quality control and documentation, interpersonal communication , sample projects, tables, references, resources, and checklists.
Technical Guides
IEQ Space Matrix
This spreadsheet categories dozens of specific space types according to how they should be applied under various IEQ credits. This document is essential if you have questions about how various unique space types should be treated.
Construction IAQ Management Plan
All Options
A construction IAQ management planA construction IAQ management plan outlines measures to minimize contamination in a specific project building during construction and describes procedures to flush the building of contaminants prior to occupancy. like this sample is required for both options of this credit, along with IEQc3.1. This example details a plan meeting both flush-out and testing requirements, leaving it open which one will be used.
Flush-Out Volume
Option 1 - Flush Out
This sample calculation demonstrates how one project figured out how long its flush-out needed to be, and how rental equipment was added to make it possible.
IAQ Testing
Option 2 - Testing
These test results and testing report from a LEED-CI project demonstrate the kind of information that needs to be gathered to document IEQc3.2, Option 2.
Construction Submittal
Documentation for this credit is part of the Construction Phase submittal.
LEED Online Forms: CI-2009 IEQ
The following links take you to the public, informational versions of the dynamic LEED Online forms for each CI-2009 IEQ credit. You'll need to fill out the live versions of these forms on LEED Online for each credit you hope to earn.
Version 4 forms (newest):
- IEQp1: Minimum IAQ Performance
- IEQp2: ETS Control
- IEQc1: Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring
- IEQc2: Increased Ventilation
- IEQc6.1: Control. of Systems—Lighting
- IEQc6.2: Control. of Systems—Thermal Comfort
- IEQc7.1: Thermal Comfort—Design
- IEQc8.1: Daylight & Views—Daylight
- IEQc8.2: Daylight & Views—Views
Version 3 forms:
- IEQp1: Minimum IAQ Performance
- IEQp2: ETS Control
- IEQc1: Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring
- IEQc2: Increased Ventilation
- IEQc3.1: Const. IAQ Mngt.—During Const.
- IEQc3.2: Const. IAQ Mngt.—Before Occupancy
- IEQc4.1: Low-Emitting Mats.—Paints & Coatings
- IEQc4.2: Low-Emitting Mats.—Adhesives & Sealants
- IEQc4.3: Low-Emitting Mats.—Flooring
- IEQc4.4: Low-Emitting Mats.—Composite Wood
- IEQc4.5: Low-Emitting Mats.—Systems Furniture
- IEQc5: Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control
- IEQc6.1: Control. of Systems—Lighting
- IEQc6.2: Control. of Systems—Thermal Comfort
- IEQc7.1: Thermal Comfort—Design
- IEQc7.2: Thermal Comfort—Verification
- IEQc8.1: Daylight & Views—Daylight
- IEQc8.2: Daylight & Views—Views
These links are posted by LEEDuser with USGBC's permission. USGBC has certain usage restrictions for these forms; for more information, visit LEED Online and click "Sample Forms Download."
LEEDuser is produced by BuildingGreen, Inc., with YR&G authoring most of the original content. LEEDuser enjoys ongoing collaboration with USGBC.
55 Comments
outdoor delivery rates in a naturally ventilated space
After receiving the project's review we are asked to provide outdoor delivery rates.
The project was flushed out with a 2,000 CFM fan for 48 hours with windows and a door open providing a flushing with 5,700,000 cubic feet of outdoor air (5,000,000 cubic feet is required for the project's area.)
We are attempting Option 1, Path 1 and in compliance with internal temperature and humidity.
What is the accurate way to provide outdoor delivery rate as the building uses natural ventilation?
Vera, I don't understand the question. If you used mechanical ventilation for the flush-out, then you can do the calculation based on the mechanical equipment. If you relied on natural ventilation for the flush-out, I'm afraid that's pretty complicated, and I'm not sure qualifies as a "flush out."
Number of IAQ Sampling Locations in Apartment Building?
I would appreciate advice on the number of sampling locations needed for LEED Testing per IEQ Credit 3.2 Option 2 in mid-rise Apartment buildings.
We follow the sampling rules for commercial buildings, which are well defined, but recently we have been asked to look at residential Apartment buildings where I am finding little help on determining the number of sampling locations needed. As you know, the LEED guidelines say that samples are to be taken in each portion of the building served by a separate ventilation system ….
Literally, this would mean conducting the testing in every apartment if each has its own HVAC unit! Surely this cannot be the case? A more sensible strategy would include representative locations in a percentage of the apartments, one would think? Do you know of any Credit Interpretation Rulings by LEED on this matter, or can you shed some light on the subject?
Thanks in anticipation.
Bill, see the last FAQ posted above under LEEDuser's guidance. I think this will help you understanding the flexibility that you have.
flush-out documentation
Do we have to document flush-out somehow for the credit compliance? Is any report or declaration needed?
Not exactly. Currently the LEED form does not require that you upload any data for "proof" that your ran the units for the required amount of time and that you maintained the 60/60 requirement.
However, the reviewer may question how you "could" prove it if you didn't install temporary temperature and humidity sensors or already have permanent sensors.
I recommend you describe your method to measure the OSA quantities and maintain 60/60 in the narrative to avoid questioning.
IEQc3.2 VOC Testing
I have a 191,000 sf nc school that will require 11 sample points. When performing a preliminary screening test using a PID, it was found that the inside TVOCThe sum or total of all volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from a product or measured in a space under certain defined conditions. levels were 40% less than outdoor level. However, the inside levels were still more than 10x the LEED limit. We have had very hot and humid weather and the building is surrounded by new hot top, it is mid August and the natural vegetation beginning to die off producing bio-effluents, etc.
Filters with an appropriate mervMinimum efficiency reporting value. rating will reduce particulate levels but not vocsA volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a carbon compound that vaporizes (becomes a gas) at normal room temperatures. VOCs contribute to air pollution directly and through atmospheric photochemical reactions (excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides and carbonates, and ammonium carbonate) to produce secondary air pollutants, principally ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate.. Is there a varience in the standard to allow indoor/outdoor comparisons to deal with this?
Mark,
I haven't heard of a variance for your situation, but you may want to inquire for a LEED InterpretationLEED Interpretations are official answers to technical inquiries about implementing LEED on a project. They help people understand how their projects can meet LEED requirements and provide clarity on existing options. LEED Interpretations are to be used by any project certifying under an applicable rating system. All project teams are required to adhere to all LEED Interpretations posted before their registration date. This also applies to other addenda. Adherence to rulings posted after a project registers is optional, but strongly encouraged. LEED Interpretations are published in a searchable database at usgbc.org.. You might also consider going for this credit by the flush out method (although the humid OA might also be an issue).
One way to reduce VOCsA volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a carbon compound that vaporizes (becomes a gas) at normal room temperatures. VOCs contribute to air pollution directly and through atmospheric photochemical reactions (excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides and carbonates, and ammonium carbonate) to produce secondary air pollutants, principally ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate. by filtration is to use a Carbon filter.
LEED CI IEQ C3.2
If the building has VRV system, how to go about this credit and what can be the process for flush out here ?
Your approach will depends on your system's means of providing ventilation air. You probably have a dedicated outside air system (DOAS) or natural ventilation to provide ventilation to the space (VRV systems are typically only re circulation units). If your ventilation system isn't large enough to flush out the space in a timely matter, you may want to rent temporary fans to bring in outside air for the flush out.
If the site is located near the sea beach and the humidity level is high, then what should be our approch to do the flush out as temporary fan can not control the humidity levels also the humidity may affect the paints and furnitures as well ? Please suggest.
You'd probably want to rely on your DOAS to provide you flush out in that case. It will take you longer than if your system was a traditional VAVVariable Air Volume (VAV) is an HVAC conservation feature that supplies varying quantities of conditioned (heated or cooled) air to different parts of a building according to the heating and cooling needs of those specific areas. system with EconomizerAn economizer is a device used to make building systems more energy efficient. Examples include HVAC enthalpy controls, which are based on humidity and temperature.. You might consider the testing method if time is an issue.
Option 1 - Path 2
I just had a mechanical engineer point out that the partial flush-out option does not include the requirement to maintain 60 degree temperature and 60% humidity. It seems to me that this requirement would be the same for both flush-out paths, but it really does not say that. Does anyone know if the temp and humidity requirements should be included in this path?
It does appear that your mechanical engineer has found a technicality.
I would venture to guess that it is an oversight in the credit language and that the 60/60 rule was not specifically excluded in option 2. You'd likely be jeopardizing your chances of getting the credit if you don't make an effort to stay within the required ranges because the LEED review is likely to take the same stance.
The ranges are there for a reason. Supplying low temperatures for a long period of time would be uncomfortable for people finishing up the construction (minor work usually continues after the construction and installation of all finishes is complete). Supplying air with high humidity could cause moisture build up and eventually mold - leading to poor IAQIndoor air quality: The quality and attributes of indoor air affecting the health and comfort building occupants. IAQ encompasses available fresh air, contaminant levels, acoustics and noise levels, lighting quality, and other factors..
Building Flush Out - Chilled Beams / Radiant Cooling
We have couple of projects where the HVAC system is being served by Chilled Beams and Radiant Cooling. I would like to know is there any specific method for carrying out building flush out with 100% DOS system.
There is no specific different method for going about a building flush out with 100% DOS. The only caveat is that typically a DOS system is between 20-50% of the size of a typically VAVVariable Air Volume (VAV) is an HVAC conservation feature that supplies varying quantities of conditioned (heated or cooled) air to different parts of a building according to the heating and cooling needs of those specific areas. system with min OA that would serve the same size project. As a result you may need to schedule more time in the construction schedule to finish the flush out over a typically VAV system capable of economizerAn economizer is a device used to make building systems more energy efficient. Examples include HVAC enthalpy controls, which are based on humidity and temperature.. If the construction schedule is tight you can bring in temporary supplemental fans to speed up the flush out.
Temperature and Humidity Monitoring During Flush
Is it part of the requirement of this credit to monitor temperature and humidity in the space during the flush out - or is it sufficient to provide the temperature set points and calculate the resulting humidity? We have had reviewers asking for how temperature and humidity were verified during the flush out. Not all of our projects have BASs, but we could do temporary trend logging if required.
Nancy,
It may depend on the project reviewer. In some cases we have been able to prove based on outside conditions that the humidity and temperature in the space maintained within the 60%, 60F requirements. Temporary trend logging is the safest bet and may save the design team the potential of lost time due to answering LEED review comments.
If possible write verbiage into the commissioning contract or design documents that include temporary logging of temperature and humidity during the flush out as a requirement.
Question on Selecting IAQ Test Locations
I am working on a small ~6,500 sq. ft. LEED-CI office space. The space is served outdoor air from a single base building system, and then air is recirculated within the space by a ventilation system with a series of VAVs. Does this space need one (1) or two (2) test locations?
IAQ Testing AFTER Occupancy?
I am aware of the verbiage in the LEED reference guide for IAQIndoor air quality: The quality and attributes of indoor air affecting the health and comfort building occupants. IAQ encompasses available fresh air, contaminant levels, acoustics and noise levels, lighting quality, and other factors. testing to be completed PRIOR to occupancy, but considering that the flushout method can be completed DURING occupancy, I was wondering if anyone knows of an exception to this requirement.
No exceptions. Reviews have been consistent on this issue.
Define Movable Furnishings of IAQ Testing
The Reference Guide states movable furnishing such as workstations and partitions must be in place during IAQIndoor air quality: The quality and attributes of indoor air affecting the health and comfort building occupants. IAQ encompasses available fresh air, contaminant levels, acoustics and noise levels, lighting quality, and other factors. testing. Does this include seating, conference tables, occassional tables,and lounge furniture or just desks and partitions?
Holly,
Under checklists, above, it states: Furniture and furnishings must be installed prior to testing, but are only recommended to be installed prior to flush-out.
I would think that all furniture (and materials) covered under the IEQc4 credits would need to be installed. Though, I have not personally pursued this credit.
Anyone have experience with Option 2?
Holly, I don't see how you could include some furniture but not other furniture. The expectation that furniture is included seems very broad.
IAQ testing and furniture (new and used)
I have a four story project where we are doing IAQIndoor air quality: The quality and attributes of indoor air affecting the health and comfort building occupants. IAQ encompasses available fresh air, contaminant levels, acoustics and noise levels, lighting quality, and other factors. testing in phases because of a tight schedule. All workstations and new furniture will be installed prior to the testing of each floor. However I've recently been informed that the occupants of the building are planning to re-use furniture that they are currently using at another location. And this furniture will be moved over as the occupants move-in, not prior.
As I understand it, all movable furnitureMovable furniture and partitions are those that can be moved to provide access to the view by the user without the need for tools or assistance from special trades and facilities management. has to be installed before IAQ testing. But LEED does not distinguish between new and re-used for this credit. Can anyone provide any further insight, because as I read the credit, to achieve Option 2 ALL furniture has to be installed.
Melissa, I agree that all furniture must be installed according to the credit requirements, and I can't offer any reason to think that you can get around that here. One can always try with a good narrative, but I suspect that reviewers would question that under the idea that even (perhaps especially in some cases) older furniture may be offgassing.
phased flushing for hospital project
Due to phasing plan the contractor will need to run AHU1.Air-handling units (AHUs) are mechanical indirect heating, ventilating, or air-conditioning systems in which the air is treated or handled by equipment located outside the rooms served, usually at a central location, and conveyed to and from the rooms by a fan and a system of distributing ducts. (NEEB, 1997 edition) 2.A type of heating and/or cooling distribution equipment that channels warm or cool air to different parts of a building. This process of channeling the conditioned air often involves drawing air over heating or cooling coils and forcing it from a central location through ducts or air-handling units. Air-handling units are hidden in the walls or ceilings, where they use steam or hot water to heat, or chilled water to cool the air inside the ductwork. prior to completion of another phase of the project. If the area under construction is completely isolated from the area that has the flush out can we phase the flush outs over time to accomodate construction schedule or should we go for option 2 for the flushout and do it once all of the building is complete.
Is your AHU1.Air-handling units (AHUs) are mechanical indirect heating, ventilating, or air-conditioning systems in which the air is treated or handled by equipment located outside the rooms served, usually at a central location, and conveyed to and from the rooms by a fan and a system of distributing ducts. (NEEB, 1997 edition) 2.A type of heating and/or cooling distribution equipment that channels warm or cool air to different parts of a building. This process of channeling the conditioned air often involves drawing air over heating or cooling coils and forcing it from a central location through ducts or air-handling units. Air-handling units are hidden in the walls or ceilings, where they use steam or hot water to heat, or chilled water to cool the air inside the ductwork. serving both areas? Can you phase the flushing by AHU? Testing prior to occupancy is likely an easier route. Are they doing any testing for ICRA?
Combining Option A and B
Can Options A and B be combined? Someof the floors are occupied and have met Option B testing requirements. But now the project schedule has changed and we're concerned that fast-tracking the other floors may result in testing failures with no time to re-test prior to occupancy. We can start a phased flush-out for the rest of the floors - but this means using both options to achieve the credit.
William, I am trying to think of the worst-case scenario here and I cannot see a logical reason why GBCI would deny this approach, provided you give a proper narrative explanation. Of course, they might reject it as not being an option (with some credits you are explicitly allowed to combine options, but not here)—let us know how you fare.
William,
We have a project that, for slightly different circumstances, is an ideal candidate for a hybrid IAQIndoor air quality: The quality and attributes of indoor air affecting the health and comfort building occupants. IAQ encompasses available fresh air, contaminant levels, acoustics and noise levels, lighting quality, and other factors. testing/flush-out approach. In this case, the project is comprised of a variety of ventilation systems/zones, some of which are well suited for a timely flush-out, whereas others are not. Due to the quantity of ventilation systems involved, exclusive use of IAQ testing would be a costly endeavor that the project team would prefer to avoid if possible.
Have you received a ruling on your application of this method yet? We'd be curious to hear how it was received by the GBCI reviewer. Thanks in advance for any insight you can offer!
Option 1: Full Flush-out Before Occupancy - Is there a Min. CF?
With Option 1, Path 1, we are expected to flush-out 14,000 cf/sf of outdoor air at 60 degrees temp. and 60% humidity min. Is there a minimum ventilation rate as with Path 2 which is 0.30 cf/min.? Our project just happens to have some extra time and we thought we would have to meet the after occupancy requirments (which we could not, based on the design of the HVAC in the base building). I believe it would be a manner of calculating the corrent amount of time to meet the 14,000, but could go to a lower outdoor air of o.15 cf/min. as this is the maximum output of the original system. Your thoughts?
There is no minimum ventilation rate for Path 1. Just create a Flush Out Plan In writing, execute, trend the measurements in the space, and document.
Phased Occupancy and IAQ Testing
I have a CI project with 4 floors and phased occupancy. Two floors will be occupied while two are still under construction. Is it possible to split IAQIndoor air quality: The quality and attributes of indoor air affecting the health and comfort building occupants. IAQ encompasses available fresh air, contaminant levels, acoustics and noise levels, lighting quality, and other factors. Testing into 2 sections (floors 1 and 2 first, and then floors 3 and 4 on a later date when they are complete) given that the two areas to be tested are on separate floors?
Melissa- I don't see a problem with this strategy, as long as you make sure that construction is totally complete on each area before you test it.
We have been exactly that for a LEED CI V2 project and it was no problem in the review.
Staged Move in and Natural Ventilation
We are working on an office fit (3,800ft2) made up of basically 2 rooms. There have been some delays and the owner wants to move into one of the rooms while they finish the other. Provisions can be made to seal it off.
This is a mechanically ventilated space (we're in Dubai so summer temperatures require this) but the fresh air fans won't be installed until about 6 weeks after the owner moves in and operable windows will provide fresh air until then.
Considering both of these, is there any way we can get EQ3.2? The phased flush out option with portable fans for instance.
It seems like it would be a bit challening to earn IEQc3.2, but with temporary fans, sealing off, and good calculations, it seems possible.
Why not consider the testing option?
We thought about the testing option but the credit states that the testing should be conducted, "after construction ends and prior to occupancy" and "all testing must be conducted before occupancy."
Because of the staged move in, there will never be a time when construction is completed and before occupancy for the whole project.
Are you aware of a way around this, some kind of staged testing maybe?
Other than that, we are planning on the temporary fans, sealing of the rooms, etc.
We have use temporary fans in the windows successfully to comply with this credit, but kept in mind the temperature and humidity requirements of at least 60 F (shouldn't be a problem in Dubai) and humidity no higher than 60%. Also you will still need to flush out each area before occupancy with at least 3,500 cubic feet per sq.ft.
Also the air test can still be an option for you, if you stage it as the phases. However you have to make sure that construction areas is sealed off as well as the HVAC supplying and exhausting construction areas until the testing takes place.
International standards for Option 2, indoor air monitoring?
EQ credit 3.2, option 2, references to:
EPA Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Air Pollutants in Indoor Air.
Would any international standards be accepted as equivalent, such as ISO 16000 standards series?
I am not familiar with the specific standards here but typically the answer would be "no." LEED does not allow equivalencies like this. However, I anticipate that will change as USGBC is actively working to make LEED more internationally friendly.
Reinhard, EPA is obviously preferred here but the credit language seems to allow: "...testing protocols consistent with the EPA Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Air Pollutants in Indoor Air". The CI V2 rating system went on to say: "If alternative testing protocols are used, provide documentation and rationale justifying that the measured results meet the intent of the EPA testing methods". I'd say the door is open if just a crack so I'd submit a CIRCredit Interpretation Ruling. Used by design team members experiencing difficulties in the application of a LEED prerequisite or credit to a project. Typically, difficulties arise when specific issues are not directly addressed by LEED information/guide before using an alternate test protocol. What alternate you feel is consistent? Thanks for sharing.
Mechanical floors
I have a mechanical floor that is boxed in with no windows. this floor is just AHU1.Air-handling units (AHUs) are mechanical indirect heating, ventilating, or air-conditioning systems in which the air is treated or handled by equipment located outside the rooms served, usually at a central location, and conveyed to and from the rooms by a fan and a system of distributing ducts. (NEEB, 1997 edition) 2.A type of heating and/or cooling distribution equipment that channels warm or cool air to different parts of a building. This process of channeling the conditioned air often involves drawing air over heating or cooling coils and forcing it from a central location through ducts or air-handling units. Air-handling units are hidden in the walls or ceilings, where they use steam or hot water to heat, or chilled water to cool the air inside the ductwork. Room, IT Room, M&E store room. can they be excluded from flush out or IAQIndoor air quality: The quality and attributes of indoor air affecting the health and comfort building occupants. IAQ encompasses available fresh air, contaminant levels, acoustics and noise levels, lighting quality, and other factors. Test?
Are they occupied on a regular basis? If someone is in theses spaces on a regular basis working or maintaining equipment these spaces need to be included in your flush out or testing.
There are a number of CIRs (6/24/09 in particular) that deal with this specific issue. Based on them any space defined as "occupiable" by ASHRAE 62.1 needs to be included in the EQc3.2 compliance. Storage spaces and mechanical rooms are excluded, but IT/Data Center rooms may be included because personnel can occupy them more than "occassionaly and for short periods of time". It's going to depend on what the IT room is used for. However, the 6/24/09 CIR is in contradiction to an earlier one (9/18/07) which states that all spaces within the building envelope must comply.
I'm assuming these spaces are small in size, so would they cause a problem for compliance?
Areas of question
We have a food distribution warehouse. Would the 82,000 sq foot freezer need IAQIndoor air quality: The quality and attributes of indoor air affecting the health and comfort building occupants. IAQ encompasses available fresh air, contaminant levels, acoustics and noise levels, lighting quality, and other factors. testing? Can I assume that the cooling tower and engine room would not require testing? The engine room would never pass an IAQ test.
Thanks
I would think that you only need to provide IAQIndoor air quality: The quality and attributes of indoor air affecting the health and comfort building occupants. IAQ encompasses available fresh air, contaminant levels, acoustics and noise levels, lighting quality, and other factors. testing in areas that are occupied. So, if the freezer space has people working in it on a regular basis then you would probably have to have an IAQ test. Same would go for the cooling tower and engine rooms.
Shannon
Flush monitoring requirements
We have a project with two types of spaces, one is a naturally ventilated warehouse and the other is office with package units. At a local ashrae meeting the speaker stated that to achieve the building flush credit , there would have to be devices in place to prove the purge (air flow monitoring stations). Is this true? Currently an EMS system is not included in the specifications.
Mary, to the best of my knowledge, you're not required to prove through actual measurements that the right amount of air flow was provided.
You simply have to provide a plan showing that you can provide the airflow, and record how/when you did it.
Off gasing furniture
Is it possible to off-gas the furniture off-site or in another space? We have a CI project in a new Core & Shell. The CI needs to open by a certain date so the flush-out is on a critical path. The remainder of the Core & Shell will be flushed out on a separate schedule. The developer has offered to place furniture that does not make it into the CI space in time for the initial phase of the CI flush out to be placed in the CS space when it gets flushed out after which it will be moved into the CI space. This seems to meet the intent of the credit.
Peter, I would agree with your approach as it does meet the intent of the credit as long as you are tracking the change over of 14,000 cf of outdoor air at the prescribed humidity and temperature at the off-site location. You might even be able to change over the air faster if the furniture is placed in a smaller storage area and stronger fans are used to pump fresh air into this concentrated area. Since this is an alternative approach, I would suggest you provide as much backup documentation as possible to the GBCI/USGBC including photos, a narrative, and detailed calculations.
The Flush-out criteria does not state that it is required to have all furniture and furnishings installed for the Flush-out. Although it is certainly best practices to off-gas the furniture during Flush-out--is it actually required for credit achievement? It is clearly stated as a requirement for IAQIndoor air quality: The quality and attributes of indoor air affecting the health and comfort building occupants. IAQ encompasses available fresh air, contaminant levels, acoustics and noise levels, lighting quality, and other factors. testing, which makes me question whether it is required or not for Flush-out.
Anyone have confirmation in this?
Linda- we have previously been able to do a flush out before furniture installation, but I agree that they gray area makes it difficult to know for sure. Have you taken a look at the credit form in LEED Online to see if it asks you to confirm furniture installation prior to flush out? If it doesn't I would think you are ok to proceed with the flush out before furniture installation.
Has anybody had more recent experience with the issue of whether furniture and furnishings are required to be installed prior to flush out? I can't find anything in recent addenda and there is nothing specifically required on the credit form on LEED Online. Has anyone been denied this credit recently based on furniture and furnishings?
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